Title : The chemistry of carbohydrates and their effects on the human body
Abstract:
Carbohydrates represent one of the most essential and diverse groups of biological compounds. Also known as sugars or saccharides, they perform crucial roles, including serving as primary energy sources, acting as signaling molecules, and providing structural support. Delving into carbohydrate chemistry reveals the intricate molecular interactions that sustain life and facilitate various biochemical processes. At their core, carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, generally following the ratio of CH2O. Depending on their size and structure, carbohydrates can be classified into categories such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. These biomolecules are indispensable, fulfilling numerous structural and functional roles in living organisms. As one of the three main macronutrients, alongside proteins and fats, carbohydrates are crucial for energy and metabolic fuel. However, their significance goes beyond simply providing calories. This review offers an in-depth examination of carbohydrate chemistry, structure, function, and metabolism, emphasizing how the distinct molecular structures of various carbohydrate classes influence their physiological roles. Key topics include carbohydrate digestion and absorption, the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids, energy storage, and their involvement in cell signaling. Special attention is given to glucose metabolism and homeostasis, given the critical importance of regulating blood sugar levels. Furthermore, the review explores potential links between carbohydrate structures and the development of metabolic disorders. Current research areas and future directions are highlighted to illustrate how ongoing investigations into carbohydrate structural chemistry may improve our understanding of carbohydrate biology and yield better therapeutic strategies for carbohydrate related diseases. This thorough review provides a structural perspective that enhances our comprehension of the diverse functional roles of carbohydrates within biological systems.
