Diabetic Neuropathy, Retinopathy, and Nephropathy

Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, impacting multiple organ systems and significantly reducing quality of life. Neuropathy manifests as sensory loss, pain, or autonomic dysfunction, requiring early intervention with neuroprotective agents. Retinopathy progresses from mild non-proliferative changes to vision-threatening proliferative stages, necessitating routine ophthalmic evaluations. Nephropathy, a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is managed through glycemic control, blood pressure regulation, and renoprotective medications like SGLT2 inhibitors. Emerging therapies, including regenerative medicine and targeted molecular interventions, offer hope for slowing or reversing disease progression. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management remain key in preventing irreversible damage.