Understanding the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in diabetes has become essential in unraveling the complexities of disease onset, progression, and treatment response. Genetic predisposition influences both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with variations in genes like TCF7L2 and HLA-DR/DQ playing critical roles. However, epigenetic modifications—such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs—bridge the gap between genetics and environmental triggers like diet, stress, and physical activity. These factors can alter gene expression without changing DNA sequences, potentially leading to insulin resistance or beta-cell dysfunction. Advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epigenomic profiling are paving the way for precision medicine, allowing for targeted interventions based on an individual’s genetic and epigenetic landscape. By integrating these findings into clinical practice, researchers aim to develop more effective prevention strategies and personalized treatment approaches for diabetes management.
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