The complex interplay between metabolic dysregulation and neural function highlights the neurological effects of diabetes, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, contributing to cognitive decline, increased stroke risk, and autonomic dysfunction. Peripheral neuropathy manifests as numbness, tingling, or pain, while autonomic neuropathy impairs cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital functions. Emerging research suggests that insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction may accelerate neurodegeneration, linking diabetes to conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Advances in neuroprotective strategies, including targeted pharmacotherapy, glycemic control, and lifestyle interventions, are essential for mitigating these effects and preserving neural health in diabetic patients.
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